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Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), also known as galactosyl oligosaccharides, are natural prebiotics composed of galactose and glucose linked by glycosidic bonds. Primarily found in mammalian milk, they selectively promote the proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria and modulate immune function.

Definition and Chemical Structure

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) belong to the category of functional oligosaccharides. Their molecular structure consists of 2-10 galactose units and 1 glucose unit linked by β-glycosidic bonds, making them hetero-oligosaccharides in nature. As prebiotics, GOS are not broken down by human digestive enzymes but can be utilized by beneficial gut bacteria.

Natural Sources and Distribution

• Breast Milk: The richest natural source (approximately 0.6%), serving as a key component for infant gut microbiota development.

• Animal Milk: Present in lower concentrations in cow’s and goat’s milk, with goat milk oligosaccharides exhibiting a composition closer to that of human milk.

• Industrial Production: Primarily manufactured through enzymatic synthesis (e.g., starch catalysis) for use as a sucrose alternative in food additives.